What is ABS. How it works in vehicle with advantages and disvantages.

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ABS-  "An anti-lock braking system or anti-skid braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding."
 
(Image Source: www.s2pacademy.com)

ABS Working principle


The basic theory behind anti-lock brakes is simple. It prevents the wheels from locking up, thus avoiding uncontrolled skidding. ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces.
With ABS, you get better stability and control over a car while braking (Image Source: www.toyota.lk)
A skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch is sliding relative to the road) has less traction (grip of the tire on the road) than a non-skidding wheel. For example, if your car drives over a road covered in ice, 
it is unable to move forward and the wheels will keep spinning, since no traction is present. This is because the contact point of the wheel is sliding relative to the ice.
ABS modifies the brake fluid pressure, independent of the amount of pressure being applied on the brakes, to bring the speed of the wheel back to the minimum slip level that is mandatory for optimal braking performance.

ABS has four major components:

1) Speed Sensor
This sensor monitors the speed of each wheel and determines the necessary acceleration and deceleration of the wheels. It consists of an exciter (a ring with V-shaped teeth) and a wire coil/magnet assembly, which generates the pulses of electricity as the teeth of the exciter pass in front of it.
3) Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
The ECU is an electronic control unit that  receives, amplifies and filters the sensor signals for calculating the wheel rotational speed and acceleration. The ECU receives a signal from the sensors in the circuit and controls the brake pressure, according to the data that is analyzed by the unit.
4) Hydraulic Control Unit
The Hydraulic Control Unit receives signals from the ECU to apply or release the brakes under the anti-lock conditions. The Hydraulic Control Unit controls the brakes by increasing the hydraulic pressure or bypassing the pedal force to reduce the braking power.

ABS in operation

Working components of an ABS.
While braking, if a wheel-locking situation is detected or anticipated, the ECU alerts the HCU by sending a current and commands it to release the brake pressure, allowing the wheel velocity to increase and the wheel slip to decrease. When the wheel velocity increases, the ECU reapplies the brake pressure and restricts the wheel slip to a certain degree (Note: When the braking action is initiated, a slippage between the tire and the  road surface in contact will occur, which makes the speed of the vehicle different from that of the tire). The Hydraulic Control Unit controls the brake pressure in each wheel cylinder based on the inputs from the system sensor. As a result, this controls the wheel speed. This process is repeated for the next braking operation.
ABS is classified based on the number of sensors and the types of brakes used.  Brakes can also be differentiated by the number of channels, i.e how many valves are individually controlled and the number of speed sensors.
Four-channel, four-sensor ABS
This is the best combination for an effective ABS system. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to ensure that it is achieving maximum braking force.
Three-channel, three-sensor ABS
This combination, which is commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, along with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle.
Similarly, there are also two-channel and one-channel ABS. The one-channel variant is the least effective, as you might expect.
I hope u got all the information about abs..
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